- The Monograph
- Table of Contents
- Preface
- Introduction
- Chapter 1: St. Paul's Letters and Jewish Christians
- Chapter 2: What and when was "Parting of the Ways"?
- Chapter 3: Jews, Christians, and Roman Legitimacy
- Chapter 4: Jesus the Jew
- Chapter 5: Recruiting Gentiles and Effect of the name "Christian"
- Chapter 6: Christian Anti-Jewish Rhetoric
- Chapter 7: Christian Reinterpretation of the Jewish Bible
- Chapter 8: Labeling Jews as "Christ Killers"
- Chapter 9: Jewish Rebellion and Roman Destruction
- Chapter 10: Myths Used to Justify Christian Anti-Jewishness
- Chapter 11: Why did Jews find Christianity unacceptable
- Chapter 12: Gospel History
- Chapter 13: Christian Jew Hatred and Antisemitism
- Chapter 14: St. Paul and "Parting of the Ways"
- Chapter 15: The Jewish Messiah and the Role of Jesus
- Chapter 16: Religious Differences Among Jews
- Chapter 17: Christian Rants against Jews and Judaizers
- Chapter 18: Christian Opposition to Biblical "Law" Denouncing Jews who Observe It
- Chapter 19: The "Holy", "Unholy", and "True Israelites"
- Chapter 20: Do Christians Need to Demean Jews? What if Jesus had not been a Jew?
- Chapter 21: Currying Favor with the Romans; Roman Oppression and Jesus' Crucifixion
- Chapter 22: Christian Missionary Success and Accommodation to Roman Society
- Chapter 23: Christian Anti-Jewishness Before and After Gaining Power
- Chapter 24: The Psychology of Antisemitism
- Chapter 25: Christian Literature and Perpetuation of Anti-Semitism
- Chapter 26: Can New Testament Antisemitism be Deleted?
- References
RECRUITING GENTILES AND EFFECT OF THE NAME "CHRISTIAN"
Although ethno/racist prejudices were common in Greek/Roman societies, there was no systematic persecution of any specific group (Isaac). Nevertheless, the Gentile Christian message rejecting association with Jews and Jewish laws would have found a willing audience among Greeks and Romans who shared disdain for Jewish practices such as male circumcision, refusal to eat pork, and refraining from labor on the Sabbath. According to Barclay (1996), such Gentile hostility was also abetted by Jewish opposition to “idolatry” (p. 274), and by Jewish “exclusivity” (p. 272), expressed in fears “that the Jewish community was of influence and importance—perhaps growing importance—within the life of the city” (p. 276), coupled with “their social cohesion—a feature which malevolent observers would interpret as clannishness or misanthropy” (p. 287). Barclay lists other “faults” and “contrary” practices ascribed to Jews by Roman writers such as Tacitus (ca. 110 C.E.) including their increase in numbers caused by Jewish “lust,” and their “refrain from intercourse with foreign women” (p. 411). Goodman (1987, p.61) notes that the absence of Jewish infanticide and abortion also generated Tacitus’ “amused contempt.”
Since there was no connection to “Jew” in the Greek appellation “Christian,” its first century adoption by Antioch Christians (Acts of the Apostles 11.26) and St. Paul (Ibid. 26.28–29) would have removed Christians from the status of being solely a Jewish sect. By the year 100 C.E., St. Ignatius already defined Gentile Christianity as uniquely distinctive: “It is absurd to speak of Jesus Christ with the tongue, and to cherish in the mind a Judaism which has now come to an end. For where there is Christianity there cannot be Judaism” (Letter to the Magnesians X, ANF vol. 1, p. 63).
“The name ‘Christianoi’ (Acts 11.26…) is an unmistakable indication that the Church has detached itself from the synagogue. With this step it had freed itself from the obligation to observe Jewish purity laws and the circumcision commandment but had also placed itself outside Judaism and affiliation with the people of salvation [Jewish Jesus-followers — ‘Nazoreans’]” (J. Becker (p. 147). “[W]hat was distinctive about such communities that might explain why they in particular were marked out by the authorities as a recognizable, and therefore namable, group was precisely that they comprised former ‘pagans’ rather than Jews” (Townsend, p. 219).
Use of the name “Christian” thus marked a significant separation — a “Parting of the Ways” — between early Gentile Christian and Jewish communities whether or not the latter were Jesus-believing. That is, differences in religion, culture, and ethnicity distinguishing Gentile communities from Jews set St. Paul’s Gentile Christian churches (“ecclesia”) apart from synagogues of any Jewish sect. “In social reality Paul’s churches were distinct from synagogues, and their predominantly Gentile members unattached to the Jewish community” (Barclay 1996, p. 386, also Esler 2015). By the second century, Christian writers “self-consciously use the term ‘Christian’ for insiders, portraying this membership in terms of descent and kinship as well as transformation” (Kimber Buell, p. 183).